Digitalization of Border Control in the Context of Global Transformations: Implications of the Entry/Exit System

Abstract

The digitalization of border control has become a central element of contemporary global transformations, shaped by increasing human mobility, rapid technological advancements, and evolving security challenges. This study examines the role of digitalization in transforming border control mechanisms within the European Union, with a particular focus on the Entry/Exit System (EES). It explores how digital tools, particularly biometric technologies, contribute both to enhancing security and facilitating the movement of people across borders. The research is based on analytical, comparative, and legal methods, drawing on relevant European legislation and recent reports issued by the European Commission and the European Data Protection Board. This approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of both the operational advantages and the legal implications associated with the implementation of large-scale digital border management systems. The findings show that EES significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of border control procedures by enabling real-time data processing, automated identity verification, and interoperability between multiple information systems. These features strengthen cooperation between Member States and enhance the overall capacity to manage migration flows and combat cross-border crime. At the same time, the extensive collection and processing of biometric and personal data raise important concerns regarding data protection, privacy, and compliance with fundamental rights standards. CZU: [339.543:004]:341.222; JEL: O33, F22