The Impact of the European Union Enlargement of Economy and Political Stability in European Countries

Abstract

The article examines the impact of the EU enlargements (2004, 2007, 2013) on economic convergence and political stability. Using data from Eurostat, the World Bank, the IMF, and academic research, it demonstrates that integration into the single market, inflows of investment, and the transfer of institutions have led to significant increases in income and productivity in the new member states. In particular, the accession of 10 countries in 2004 resulted in an approximate 32% increase in GDP per capita by 2019 (an increase of $8,433). EU structural funds invested around €365.2 billion in the new member states (equivalent to 2.6% of GDP annually), which accelerated infrastructure development and the growth of small businesses. At the same time, governance and rule-of-law institutions in candidate countries improved significantly: World Bank indicators for “rule of law” and “political stability” increased by several dozen points prior to accession. Despite these achievements, divergent trends persist: in some new member states, risks of populism and weakening of the rule of law have emerged. To ensure further integration, balanced policy measures, support for structural reforms, and strict monitoring of compliance with EU standards are required. CZU: [32+338.2](4):061.1EU; JEL: A10, F15, F21, P16