Human Dignity as the Ethical Foundation of Sustainable Economic Development

Abstract

This paper examines the role of human dignity as a fundamental ethical foundation of sustainable economic development. Although human dignity is widely recognized in philosophical and legal frameworks, its implications for economic systems remain insufficiently explored. In this context, the study proposes a normative three-dimensional model for evaluating economic activities in relation to human dignity, based on real autonomy, non-instrumentalization, and minimum well-being. The model builds on Kantian ethics and the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen, while also being consistent with the normative framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. To illustrate its applicability, the model is applied to the fast fashion industry. The analysis indicates a low level of compatibility with human dignity, particularly in terms of limited autonomy, the treatment of workers as means rather than ends, and insufficient working conditions. These findings reflect broader structural tensions between profit-oriented economic systems and the ethical requirements of respecting human dignity. The paper concludes that sustainable economic development cannot be achieved without integrating human dignity as a guiding normative principle. It also suggests several directions for reducing the gap between economic practices and dignity-based standards, including stronger labor regulations, greater transparency in supply chains, and improved access to opportunities that enhance individuals’ real freedoms. UDC: 17.026.4:502.131.1; JEL: A13; D63; O10; Q01