Energy Vulnerability - A Structural Determinant of Living Standards in the Republic of Moldova

Abstract

This study analyzes the evolution of energy vulnerability in the Republic of Moldova from 2020 to 2023 and assesses its impact on the population's standard of living. Using a mixed methodological approach based on data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS), the research demonstrates that energy vulnerability has become a fundamental structural determinant of quality of life. The results highlight an increase in the energy burden from 14.5% in 2020 to 15.2% in 2023, exceeding common international affordability thresholds. Rural-urban disparities have significantly widened, with rural areas reaching a critical energy burden of 17.0%, compared to 13.7% in urban areas. The multidimensional analysis reveals that energy vulnerability exerts systemic negative effects on public health, educational performance, economic productivity, and social cohesion. The study concludes that energy vulnerability is a structural problem that exacerbates social inequalities and requires urgent and differentiated public policies focused on energy efficiency, financial support, and infrastructure development. JEL: Q40, I32, Q48, O18