Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Cybersecurity of SMEs from the Republic of Moldova in the Context of Accelerated Digitalisation

Abstract

The accelerated digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) generates new cybersecurity vulnerabilities, while artificial intelligence (AI) offers advanced tools for threat detection and prevention. This study examines the challenges of AI adoption in cybersecurity for SMEs in the Republic of Moldova, employing a mixed methodology combining scientific literature analysis, national statistical data analysis, and comparison with the European regulatory framework. Results indicate that Moldovan SMEs are predominantly exposed to phishing attacks (60–70%), ransomware (50–60%), and account compromise (45–60%), with a low level of cybersecurity maturity and significant deficits in competencies and resources for AIbased solution adoption. The study proposes an implementation framework adapted to the local context, aligned with NIS2 Directive (EU 2022/2555), the AI Act (EU 2024/1689), and GDPR (EU 2016/679) requirements. The authors' contribution consists in adapting the NIST framework augmented with AI to the specificities of Moldovan SMEs and formulating recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity resilience. CZU: 004.8:[004.056:334.72.012.63/.64](478); JEL: O33; L86; K24; M15; D81